100 Fun Facts About Québec: Province Profile

Québec is Canada's largest province, a French-speaking region with a distinct culture, a vast northern wilderness, and a long, eventful history. This page gathers 100 facts about Québec, organized by geography, people, culture, economy, famous names, and the major periods of its past.

Québec Facts At-a-Glance

Area: 1,542,056 km² (595,391 mi²), Canada's largest province
Population: 8.63 million, or 23% of Canadians
Capital: Quebec City
Largest city: Montréal, with 1.6 million people
Language: French is the sole official language
Motto: Je me souviens (I remember)
Maple syrup: 90% of Canada's maple syrup
Electricity: 99% from renewable resources

Size, Location, and Borders

1. It is located in Eastern Canada. Sometimes, though, Québec and neighboring Ontario are referred to as “Central Canada” due to their immense significance to the country in terms of size, population, and history.
2. At 1,542,056 km² (595,391 mi²), Québec is the largest province in Canada, or second largest if the territories are included, after Nunavut.
3. If it were a country, Québec would be the 19^th largest in the world, between Peru and Mongolia.
4. Québec is nearly three times the size of France but only has 13% as many people.
5. Québec borders Ontario, James Bay, and Hudson Bay to the west, Hudson Strait to the north, Labrador to the east, the Gulf of St. Lawrence and New Brunswick to the east, and Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, and New York state to the south.
6. Several islands belonging to Nunavut are located just off the coast of Québec, and a few very small sections of Québec’s northern coast also belong to Nunavut.

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Population and Major Cities

7. Québec is Canada’s second-most populous province, after Ontario, with 8.63 million people. It is home to 23% of all Canadians.
8. Quebec City is the capital of Québec and the 8^th largest city in Canada, with a population of 705,000.
9. Québec is also home to Montréal, the second-largest city in Canada, between Toronto, Ontario, and Vancouver, British Columbia. Montréal has 1.6 million people (or 4.3 million in the metropolitan area).
10. Around half of Canada’s population lives in the corridor between Windsor, Ontario and Quebec City, which runs along the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River.
11. Quebec City and Montreal are on the St. Lawrence River, the largest river in Canada by volume. The river flows into the Gulf of St. Lawrence in Québec.
12. The city of Gatineau in Québec is across the Ottawa River from Ottawa, Ontario, the capital of Canada. The two cities are sometimes considered one urban centre, Ottawa–Gatineau.

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Language, Names, and Identity

13. Québec is the only Canadian province where French is the predominant and sole official language. 85% of people in Québec are francophones (predominantly French speakers), and 95% of residents speak at least conversational French.
14. In English, the province name is usually spelled without the accent (Quebec), and people from there are called Quebecers/Quebeckers. In French (and sometimes in English), they are also called Québécois, and their dialect is called Québécois French.
15. Canadian English speakers usually incorrectly pronounce Quebec as “kwuh-beck” or “ke-beck,” while local Québécois pronounce it “kay-beck.”
16. The name Québec comes from an Algonquin word meaning “narrow passage”, referring to a narrow section of the St. Lawrence River around Quebec City. The colonist Samuel de Champlain chose the name in 1606.
17. All signs in Québec must be in French. Other languages can be included, but must be smaller.
18. Québec has a distinct culture within Canada, influenced by its New France/Lower Canada origins, First Nations, British, Americans, and Acadians.
19. Québec First Nations include speakers of Algonquian and Iroquois languages and Inuits on the northern coast. Only 2.3% of Québec’s population is indigenous, the second-lowest percentage in Canada after Prince Edward Island.

Flag, Slogan, and Symbols

20. The flag of Québec is a white cross on a blue background, with four fleurs-de-lis (a decorative lily that is often associated with France).
21. Québec’s slogan is “Je me souviens” (I remember). Its meaning is debated, but the most common explanation is that it refers to the loss of New France to Britain in 1763. It replaced the slogan “La Belle Province” in 1978 and appears on the Québec coat of arms and license plates in the province.
22. The snowy owl is the official bird and a symbol of Québec.

Landscapes, Lakes, and Wildlife

23. 95% of Québec is covered in the Canadian Shield, a rocky landscape mostly covered in boreal forest. There is also an Arctic tundra in the far north, while the vast majority of people live in the Great Lakes and Saint Lawrence River lowlands, the smallest of Canada’s ecozones, in the far south.
24. Nord-du-Québec is the largest of the 17 regions of Québec. It takes up 55% of the province but only has 0.5% of its population. It includes the Nunavik (Québec Arctic) region, the northern third of the province, with a population density of only 0.017 people per km².
25. How many lakes are there in Québec? Estimates range from 100,000 to 1 million, depending on what you consider a lake. 12% of the province is covered in water, including 4500 rivers, and accounting for 3% of all freshwater in the world.
26. 92% of Québec’s territory is Crown (public) land, including all bodies of water.
27. The city of Saguenay in Québec is considered the snowiest in Canada, with 93 days of snowfall per year.
28. The Gulf of St. Lawrence is home to blue whales, minke whales, and belugas, while the far north of Québec has polar bears, muskox, and Arctic foxes.

Parks, Rock Formations, and Heritage Sites

29. Québec has two national parks: La Mauricie National Park in the southern Canadian Shield and Forillon National Park at the tip of the Gaspé Peninsula (also called Gaspésie).
30. The 433-meter-long Percé Rock lies off the coast of the Gaspé Peninsula. Its unique appearance, with a large natural arch, makes it one of the most recognizable natural landmarks in Canada.
31. Québec also has one national park reserve, Mingan Archipelago, which is on the Gulf of St. Lawrence and is home to Atlantic puffins.
32. Québec has 29 provincial parks, which it calls “national parks of Quebec” because it considers itself a nation within Canada.
33. Québec has two UNESCO World Heritage Sites: Old Québec and Miguasha. Anticosti Islands is also on the tentative list.
34. Québec has a 5034 km (3128 mi) network of biking trails called the Route Verte.

Landmarks and Architecture

35. Québec City is the only remaining walled city in North America north of Mexico City. It is also considered Canada’s most “European-looking” city.
36. Fairmont Le Château Frontenac in Québec City has been called the “most photographed hotel in the world.”
37. The Cathedral-Basilica of Notre-Dame de Québec in Québec City, dating to 1647, is the oldest church in Canada.
38. Saint Joseph’s Oratory in Montreal is the largest church in Canada and has one of the largest church domes in the world.
39. The Olympic Stadium in Montreal, built for Expo 67, is the largest covered stadium in Canada. The Montreal Tower next to it is the tallest inclined tower in the world, at 175 m (574 ft) with an angle of 45 degrees.

Maple Syrup and Quebec Food

40. Québec produces 55 million liters of maple syrup per year, accounting for 90% of all maple syrup in Canada. Read our fun facts about maple trees and maple syrup here.
41. Québécois visit cabanes à sucre (sugar shacks), where maple syrup is made, to eat and participate in festivities in spring.
42. Foods that originated in Québec include poutine (Canada’s most iconic dish), tourtière (meat pie), and pâté chinois (similar to Shepherd’s pie).

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Comedy, Circus, Folklore, and Music

43. Québec is well-known for its comedy. It hosts numerous comedy festivals, including Just For Laughs, the world’s largest international comedy festival, hosted annually in Montréal.
44. Montréal-based Cirque du Soleil is the world’s largest modern circus.
45. Québec has the largest body of folklore in Canada after the First Nations, with many tales going back to the early days of exploration and settlement.
46. Montreal’s Igloofest bills itself as the “coldest music festival in the world,” taking place outdoors in January to February.
47. Famous bands and musicians from Québec include Céline Dion, Leonard Cohen, Oscar Peterson, Oliver Jones, Arcade Fire, Corey Hart, Men Without Hats, Bran Van 3000, Kid Koala, The Stills, The Dears, Simple Plan, The Planet Smashers, and the Ripcordz.

Hockey and Sports

48. Québec has played a major role in popularizing hockey in Canada. The first indoor hockey game ever was played in Montreal in 1875, and the NHL (National Hockey League) started there in 1917.
49. The Montreal Canadiens are the longest running professional hockey team in the world and the winner of the most Stanley Cups, 24. They are nicknamed Les Habitants, or simply the “Habs”.
50. Manon Rhéaume of Québec was the first woman to ever play on an NHL hockey team, Tampa Bay Lightning in Florida.

Famous Quebecers

51. Famous people born in Québec include Metis leader Louis Riel (strongly connected with the history of Manitoba and Saskatchewan), NDP leader Jack Layton, actor William Shatner, comedian Norm Macdonald, and hockey players Marcel Dionne, Guy Lafleur, and Mario Lemieux.
52. Six of Canada’s 23 prime ministers so far have been born in Québec (or Lower Canada/Canada East), including Pierre Trudeau, Jean Chrétien, and Brian Mulroney.

Economy, Energy, and Innovation

53. Québec has the second highest GDP in Canada, after Ontario, accounting for 20% of the national GDP. Its economy is similar in size to that of Norway or Greece.
54. Staple industries in Québec are aerospace, IT, telecommunications, mining, and tourism.
55. Three-quarters of Québec’s international exports go to the United States.
56. 99% of Québec’s electricity comes from renewable resources, and it produces most of Canada’s hydroelectricity.
57. Major companies and restaurants based in Québec are Air Canada, Canadian National Railway, Bell Canada, L’Oréal Canada, Aldo, Bank of Montreal, Ben & Florentine, Eggspectation, Cora, and Thai Express.
58. Over 1 million Québécois work in science and technology, and the province is a world leader in scientific and space research. It has produced 10 Nobel prize winners in physics, chemistry, and medicine.
59. Other things invented in Québec or by Québécois include the Wonderbra, peanut butter, ice wine, snowmobiles and snowblowers, IMAX theatres, and the board game Trivial Pursuit.

Law, Education, and Society

60. Québec is the only province in Canada with a mixed legal system, with civil matters falling under a French civil law system, and public law operating under the Canadian legal system.
61. Québécois are Canada’s biggest supporters of same-sex marriage rights (80% according to the polls, versus the lowest, 69% in Alberta).
62. Québec has a different education system than the other provinces, with students undergoing 2 years of college after high school and before applying to university.
63. Quebec has 32 overseas offices in cities including London, Paris, Rome, New York City, Mumbai, Beijing, Hong Kong, Seoul, and Tokyo. It also has a representative to UNESCO.

Deep Time and Indigenous Beginnings

64. Some of the oldest rocks, dating to 4 billion years ago, and possibly signs of early life, have been found in the far north of Quebec.
65. The oldest indigenous remains in Québec date back to around 12,000 years.
66. In the 700s CE, indigenous people started farming in the St. Lawrence River valley. The Iroquois people there cultivated corn, marrow, sunflowers, and beans.

New France: Exploration and Colony

67. In 1534, French explorer Jacques Cartier planted a cross in the Gaspé Peninsula named Québec, a part of New France, which would last until 1763. A year later, he sailed up the St. Lawrence River to an Iroquois settlement of 500 people called Stadacona in present-day Quebec City.
68. Cartier named the village Canada, after a local Iroquois name for it.
69. Samuel de Champlain established Québec City as a permanent fur trading post at Stadacona in 1608, and it would become the capital of New France.
70. In 1663, the Company of New France ceded Québec to the French king, making it an official colony. Settlers there became known as “Canadiens” or “Habitants”.
71. From the late 1600s to the mid-1700s, the French, allied with the Algonquians, clashed with the English, allied with the Iroquois, resulting in several battles.

British Rule and Union

72. At the end of the Seven Years’ War in 1763, France lost the territory of Québec/Canada to the British by signing the Treaty of Paris.
73. A long section of land on either side of the St. Lawrence River, including the Gaspé Peninsula, thus became the Province of Québec. It was the first time the word Québec was used to refer to land beyond Quebec City.
74. On paper, the French were allowed to preserve their culture and traditions. This was done to avoid rebellions such as those happening in the British colonies to the south, which would turn into the American Revolution and would spill over into Québec. But in practice, the English tried assimilating the French and reducing their power.
75. With the Constitutional Act of 1791, Québec became Lower Canada, and Ontario Upper Canada, separated mainly by their language and legal systems. Québec City was the capital of Lower Canada.
76. In 1809, England decided to administer the coastal region of Labrador as part of the newly created Newfoundland colony.
77. In 1837, a rebellion broke out in Lower Canada. Despite being a British colony, the French remained a majority in Canada and were unhappy with British rule.
78. Following Lord Durham’s recommendations, Lower and Upper Canada were united into one colony, the Province of Canada, from 1841 to 1867. Québec was thus called Canada East, and Ontario was Canada West. The capital city moved from Kingston to Montreal, Toronto, Québec City, and finally, Ottawa.
79. The French language was banned from being used in Parliament and courts.

Confederation and Early Twentieth Century

80. On July 1, 1867, 3 colonies, the Province of Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick, were united into a federation called the Dominion of Canada, becoming a self-governing nation within the British Empire. This date, called Confederation Day, is celebrated as Canada’s national day.
81. Québec was thus one of the four original provinces of Canada, with the remaining six provinces and three territories joining or being created over the next 132 years.
82. After the Confederation, workers and immigrants flocked to Montreal, which became the largest city in Canada. By WWI, it had half a million people.
83. When the Quebec-born Métis leader Louis Riel was executed in Saskatchewan in 1885, it sparked nationalist sentiment in Québec. Honoré Mercier became the first of many Québec premiers that would lobby for provincial autonomy in Québec.
84. In 1898, Wilfred Laurier was the first French Canadian to become Prime Minister.
85. In WWI, most French in Canada didn’t want to become involved in England’s war and refused conscription, leading to a riot in 1918 and a similar situation in WWII.
86. Québec’s boundaries were extended north in 1898 and 1912 and finally to their present borders in 1927.

Quiet Revolution, Expo 67, and Separatism

87. In the 1960s, the Quiet Revolution saw great social changes in Québec, from secularism and a growing welfare state to an increased Québécois identity.
88. The 1960s also saw the growth of a violent separatist movement in Quebec. In the 1970 October Crisis, PM Pierre Trudeau enacted the War Measures Act after the Front de Libération du Québec kidnapped and murdered a politician.
89. 1968 saw the creation of the Parti Québécois provincial party, whose main platform is sovereignty and independence for Québec. Québec elected its first Parti Québécois leader in 1976.
90. In 1967, Montreal hosted Expo 67 of the World’s Fair on the 100^th anniversary of Confederation. It is considered the most successful Expo event of the 20^th century.
91. In 1976, Montreal also hosted the Summer Olympic Games.
92. There has long been a separatist movement in Québec, but two referendums (1980 and 1995) just barely failed to reach a 50% support for separation.
93. In the 1980 Referendum, 60% of Québécois voted to stay in Canada, while in a second Referendum in 1996, 50.58% voted to stay.
94. Today, around one-third of Québécois still want to separate from Canada, and another 40% of them see themselves as Québécois first and Canadian second.
95. When Canada became a fully independent country in the Canada Act of 1982, Québec was the only province that refused to sign and still hasn’t.
96. In 1991, the Bloc Québécois Canadian political party was created. Today it is the third largest party in Canada after the Liberals and Conservatives, and its main platform is also sovereignty for Québec. It has never produced a Canadian prime minister.
97. In 2003, Canada’s national assembly declared that “the people of Québec form a nation”, and the House of Commons passed a similar symbolic motion in 2006.

Recent Events

98. In 2017, there were major floods in Québec, with a state of emergency called in Montreal.
99. In 2019, Québec enacted controversial Bill 21, barring government workers from wearing hijabs, turbans, and other religious items.
100. In 2022, Quebec passed another controversial bill: Bill 96 making French exclusive language of government.

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